Rudarstvo – Proceedings of the Symposium on Sustainable Development in Mining and Energy The Rudarstvo symposium is a longstanding professional and scientific event dedicated to sustainable development in the fields of mining and energy. With international participation and regional relevance, the symposium gathers researchers, industry representatives, and institutional stakeholders to exchange knowledge, promote best practices, and explore innovations contributing to the mining sector's environmental, economic, and social sustainability. Each volume in the Rudarstvo series contains peer-reviewed scientific papers and expert contributions presented at the event.
Association of Metallurgical Engineers of Serbia (AMES) in cooperation with the Institute for Technology of Nuclear and Other Mineral Raw Materials (ITNMS)
ZLATO U ARSENOPIRITU I SKORODITU IZ GOKČANICE
Poslednjih godina došlo je do značajnog rasta potražnje za zlatom, kao i proizvodnje istog, na globalnom nivou. Velika potreba za ovim plemenitim metalom uzrokovala je brz razvoj industrije zlata, a samim tim dovela i do postepenog iscrpljivanja resursa rude zlata. Kao posledica toga bilo je potrebno okrenuti se alternativnim izvorima, prvenstveno refraktornim, od kojih jedan predstavlja rudnički otpad nastao preradom polimetaličnih sulfidnih ruda. Prerada ovog otpada i jalovine sa umerenim do niskim sadržajem zlata pokazuje potencijal kako u ekstrakciji ovog metala, tako i u poboljšanju kvaliteta okolnog okruženja.Jedan od najinteresantnijih refraktornih minerala nosioca zlata i svakako najizazovijih u smislu ekstrakcije istog je arsenopirit. Arsenopirit je dominantni sulfidni mineral u rudnoj mineralizaciji Gokčanice (Drenjak), dok je skorodit glavni sekundarni mineral nasto oksidacijom arsenopirita. Dimenzije jediničnih ćelija arsenopirita izmerene su XRPD metodom. Pojave zlata u arsenopiritu i skoroditu analizirane su metodom optičke mikroskopije u odbijenoj svetlosti (OM), SEM-EDS i TEM metodom. Utvrđeno je da se u oba pomenuta minerala čestice zlata javljaju u formama mikrometarskog „vidljivog“ i nanometarskog „nevidljivog“ zlata.
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ORE-FORMATION ANALYSIS OF CARBONATE SEDIMENTS IN THE AREA OF BJELOPAVLIĆI FROM THE ASPECT OF ARCHITECTURAL-BUILDING STONE
The paper summarizes the results of the ore-formation analysis of the Upper Cretaceous deposits of the Bjelopavlići area within the Visoki Krš geotectonic zone and presents the evaluation of the potential of the ore formations from the aspect of architectural-building (ornamental) stone. Complex ore-formation analysis of the Upper Cretaceous carbonate complex in the Bjelopavlići area identified and defined ore-bearing and ore formations and isolated ore subformations, i.e. formation types of architectural-building (ornamental) stone. As a result of the research, an evaluation of the potential of the separated formations was performed and the potential reserves of commercial blocks of separated formation types of architectural-building stone were shown.
RECULTIVATION OF DEGRADED SURFACES AT THE LOCATION OF THE CEROVO SURFACE MINE
Mine tailings will be disposed of from open pits KBC2 and KBC3 to the internal disposal site of open pit C1 and disposal site C1 South. The analysis of the state of the landscape after the formation of the final contour of the open pite and waste dump at the Cerovo location indicates that the conditions created at the end of the exploitation period will be such that the concept of technical and biological reclamation should be adapted to the function of achieving visual harmony of the disturbed environment with the surrounding undisturbed environment, using species adapted to the ecological conditions that prevail on the newly created degraded areas. The planned reclamation process includes grassing and afforestation of degraded areas.
DETERMINATION OF GTE AND DTE OF COAL USING THE SPIKE METHOD
One of the preconditions for the realization of coal homogenization at the RB Kolubara mines is the supply of coal of appropriate quality to thermal power plants. The aim of this work is to determine the DTE mix-coal (coal, sand, clay, wood) by the spike method using benzoic acid. With the fact that we want to first point out the problem of coal granulation during its preparation for the determination of analytical samples in the process of physical chemical analysis - technical analysis of coal. We determine three parameters namely: total moisture, ash and DTE value of coal in accordance with international coal quality standards (SRPS and ASTM). Namely, in recent years, there has been a sudden deterioration in the quality of Kolubara lignite coal with a significant mixture of mass fractions of clay, sand, wood, which represent the main problem of obtaining a representative homogeneous sample in the preparation of coal for further analysis and the homogenization process. Our task refers to the determination of GTE and DTE according to the SRPS ISO 1928:2022 standard. This standard points us to the fact that if we do not have complete combustion of the coal samples in the calorimeter, and the ash concentration increases significantly, then that identical sample can be soldered: moisture (%), ash (%) and DTE(KJ/kg) concentrations were measured on representative analytical coal samples in duplicate. Representative samples from the daily work of regular decades were used. That's why we used the apparatus adiabatic calorimeter IKA C 6000 and IKA C 5000. The results of testing the physical and chemical parameters of moisture (%), ash (%) and DTE (KJ/kg) from all three (3) accredited laboratories are presented: Hagips-TENT B, Centar-Vreoci and Tamnava laboratory. The method is fast, simple and precise. Statistical data processing showed the results using correlation diagrams: DTE-ash (%), for all three accredited laboratories. Statistical processing of the results using DATA-DATA ANALYSIS and the linear correlation coefficient of the Pearson coefficient (r) was used as a measure of accuracy.
Aglomeracija materijala predstavlja ključni proces u upravljanju otpadom, omogućavajući efikasnije odlaganje i reciklažu otpada. Ovaj rad istražuje primene aglomeracije u tretmanu materijala koji se šalju na deponije, naglašavajući njene prednosti u smanjenju rizika od kontaminacije i olakšavanju transporta. Pored toga, rad se fokusira na specifične primere, kao što su leteći pepeo i FGD mulj, koji ilustruju kako aglomeracija može pretvoriti otpadne materijale u proizvode sa dodatnom vrednošću.
Adsorptivno uklanjanje kritičnih elemenata iz rudničkih otpadnih voda
Očuvanje zdrave životne sredine predstavlja neophodni korak u postavljanju održivog razvoja društva u celini. Industrijska dinamika, na globalnom nivou, poremetila je ravnotežu između ekonomskih i ekoloških interesa i značaja. Rudarstvo u Republici Srbiji je u konstantnoj ekspanziji. Tokom prerade mineralnih sirovina, od kopanja, preko koncentrisanja do dobijanja kritičnih elemenata dolazi do nastajanja otpadnih voda koje je neophodno prečistiti pre ispuštanja u recipiijent. S obzirom na njihov nizak pH nivo i visoke koncentracije različitih konstituenata, njihovo slučajno ispuštanje može imati veoma štetan uticaj i na životnu sredinu i na ljudsko zdravlje. U ovom radu biće prikazane adsorptivne tehnike za ukljanjanje različitih metala (železo, bakar, kobalt, itd.), uz poređenje njihove efikasnosti i neophodnih procesnih parametara. Pored toga, biće dat pregled zakonske regulative u Republici Srbiji koja bitno utiče na oblast rudarstva i zaštite životne sredine.
MICROFILTRATION PROCESS FOR THE REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS FROM WASTEWATER
For the laboratory investigation of heavy metal ion (Pb, Zn, and Cd) removal from aqueous solutions using complexation microfiltration, a Millipore 8050 cell was used. The membrane employed was a polyacrylic membrane, consisting of an acrylic copolymer film applied to a nylon support. Supporting equipment included a "Tehnica" MM–510 magnetic stirrer, a 50 cm³ measuring cylinder, and a stopwatch. The efficiency of the process was monitored through permeate flux, based on variations in pH, pressure, initial metal ion concentration, and complexing agent concentration. Characterization equipment included an "Iskra" MA5725 pH meter for pH determination, and a "Pye Unicam SP9" atomic absorption spectrophotometer for measuring metal concentrations. AAS measurements of Pb²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Cd²⁺ in the permeate were performed at 213.9 nm for Zn, 217 nm for Pb, and 228.8 nm for Cd. Calibration was carried out using standard solutions in the ranges of 0.1–1.0 mg/dm³ and 1.0–10.0 mg/dm³. Based on the conducted experiments, it was concluded that the metal ion–complexing agent–membrane system operates through a series of complex interactions. Due to this complexity, conventional models often fall short in accurately predicting system behavior. This opens up the possibility for the application of artificial neural networks (ANNs), which can process numerous input parameters and identify patterns difficult to detect using traditional approaches. The obtained results may serve as a reliable basis for training such models, particularly for predicting flux and optimizing wastewater treatment processes under real-world conditions.
FINAL EMPTYING OF THE KOVIN COAL MINE PRECIPITATOR
The depository is a hydro-construction facility of the Mine, where the product of the coal dewatering and classification process is deposited, with the aim of depositing (settling) the solid phase and overflowing the water into the Danube. The obligation of the Mine is to maintain the sedimentation plant in order to pour Category II water into the Danube.One of the maintenance procedures of the sedimentation plant is the removal of material by land machinery and processing at the processing plant. The limiting factor for these works is the presence of water from the primary coal production process.After the completion or longer interruption of coal exploitation in the precipitator, conditions are created for the removal of larger quantities of material for processing at the coal cleaning plant. In this way, the exploitation life of a part of the Mine is extended by four years and the precipitator is prepared for new coal production.
MONITORING PLAN OF RTH FLOTATION TAIL LANDFILL NEAR BOR, SERBIA
The specificity of the location of the RTH flotation tailings pit is reflected in the fact that it is surrounded by both old mining operations (old flotation tailings pit, Visoki Planiri) and mining facilities that are still in use (Bor flotation, Bor smelter, old Borski mine, etc.). Accordingly, it can be stated that there is a multi-year impact of these buildings on the location in question, as well as on the environment. Considering the characteristics of the facilities themselves - the RTH flotation tailings pond, it can be stated that the active surfaces of the flotation tailings pond (beach, dams) are the largest emitters of polluting substances at the site. Also, in the immediate vicinity is the Borska Reka as well as populated areas. Based on this, it is necessary to establish adequate monitoring for monitoring all medium, in order to monitor the quality of the living environment.
EMISIJE UGLJEN-DIOKSIDA IZ UGLJA - STATISTIKA I ČINJENICE
Emisija ugljen-dioksida iz uglja je jedan od glavnih faktora koji doprinosi globalnom zagrevanju i klimatskim promenama. Ugalj je fosilno gorivo koje se koristi u elektranama, industriji i za grejanje, a pri njegovom sagorevanju oslobađa velike količine ugljen-dioksida u atmosferu. Ugljen-dioksid je gas sa efektom staklene bašte koji zadržava toplotu u atmosferi, što doprinosi globalnom zagrevanju. Količina ugljen-dioksida koja se emituje pri sagorevanju uglja zavisi od različitih faktora, uključujući vrstu uglja (npr. kamenog ili lignita), tehnologiju sagorevanja i efikasnost postrojenja. Ugalj je, u poređenju sa drugim izvorima energije poput prirodnog gasa ili obnovljivih izvora, jedan od najemisionijih izvora ugljen-dioksida. Zbog ove visoke emisije ugljen-dioksida, sve više zemalja prelazi na održivije izvore energije, kao što su solarna, vetro i hidroenergija, kako bi smanjile emisije i postigle ciljeve smanjenja globalnog zagrevanja.
RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF DIGGING DRIVE OF THE BUCKET WHEEL EXCAVATOR SRs1200x24/4+VR
In the work, an analysis of the reliability of the SRs1200x24/4+VR bucket wheel excavator digging drive was performed, which was engaged in the excavation of overburden at the Field E surface mine. Data on failures were taken from the report on work and stoppages at the MB Kalubara opencast mines. The breakdown structure refers to the mechanical and electrical breakdowns of the digging drive, which consists of an electric motor with an installed power of 400 [kW] and a multi-stage conical-cylindrical reducer with same power. Reliability analysis was performed by Weibull distribution.
INFLUENCE OF SOLAR PARKS ON THE MICROCLIMATE AND DEVELOPMENT OF VEGETATION
The construction of solar power plants in the Republic of Serbia according to current legislation is demanding. The construction of solar parks leads to soil degradation and the destruction of vegetation. The increasing production of solar energy requires solutions for ecological restoration from the beginning of electricity production to the end of the operation of the solar park. The influence of solar panels on the microclimate on the survival of plants and the development of vegetation is presented in this paper.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IN THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY
The article shows the importance of mining and geology for the development of society based on sustainability principles. The uneven development of each country individually has a great impact on the level of application of sustainable technologies. Sustainable management of natural resources is a complex task due to the possibility of irreparable errors caused by incorrect planning. Mining and geological experts in cooperation with colleagues from other scientific disciplines strive to solve the challenges of modern society in this field. Mining and geology are the leading sciences in promoting a new approach to nature, its resources, and its protection. Innovative solutions such as the introduction of sustainability science into the curricula of mining and geology contribute to the professional development of young people. The acquired knowledge can be implemented in practice later on. Also, the application of information technologies and modern software contributes to the promotion of scientifically sound predictions and solutions that strengthen both natural and social systems.
COAL DEPOSIT "TAMNAVA-WEST FIELD" - OVER 60 YEARS OF GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND 30 YEARS OF WORK
For almost 20 years, the coal deposit “Tamnava-West field” has been the main/most promising mine, providing half of the total coal production in the MB “Kolubara”. It is a deposit where various research and testing methods have been used since 1959 (exploratory drilling, geological mapping and testing, hydrogeological research, geomechanical testing…). The scope and type of geological research were coordinated with the development of the open pit mine. The objective was to obtain the most reliable data that enabled the efficient exploitation of coal and overburden. Exploratory drilling is the most common research method. So far, 1,408 exploratory wells have been drilled with a total depth of about 105,000.00 m. Over 275 million tons of coal and 605 million cubic meters of overburden were excavated in 30 years of operation. Looking at the development plan for the coal exploitation in the Kolubara basin, the open pit mine “Tamnava-West field” (with the remaining 165 million tons of coal) will continue to play an important role in the continuous coal production in the coming period. The objective of this paper is to review and present the past, present and future development of the deposit.
DOPRINOS LOKALNIM ZAJEDNICAMA –IZAZOVI I PREDNOSTI PROMENA NAČINA RAZMIŠLJANJA-PREVAZILAZENJE PROBLEMA IMIDZA PROBLEMA SEKTORA GEOLOGIJE I RUDARSTVA
Ovaj rad istražuje promenu percepcije sektora geologije i rudarstva, s posebnim fokusom na ekološki uticaj, eksploataciju resursa i ulogu tehnologije. U svetlu negativnih stereotipa i medijske reprezentacije, naglašava se potreba za obrazovanjem javnosti i povezivanjem sa lokalnim zajednicama. Prikazani su primeri inovativnih praksi koje smanjuju ekološki utisak i jačaju održivost sektora. Rad završava pozivom na akciju za sve aktere u sektoru da aktivno učestvuju u unapređenju imidža i praksi.
CONSTRUCTION OF DRAINED CHANNELS IN THE COAL FLOOR OF OP "DRMNO", FILLING WITH IBERLAUF AND COVERING WITH GEOTEXTILE
In order to protect the internal disposal site from surface and underground water, it is necessary to construct drainage channels in the bottom of the coal mine "Drmno", fill the channels with iberlauf and cover the iberlauf with geotextile. This paper presents the technology of making drainage channels in the floor of the landfill, i.e. the creation of the main drainage channel that has a general direction (east-west) and the creation of transverse drainage channels that direct water towards the main drainage channel.
SPATIAL PLANNING IN OPEN-PIT MINERAL RESOURCE EXPLOITATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF MINING ENGINEERING
Open-pit mining involves the utilization of available mineral resources, which must be ecologically acceptable, economically viable, and in accordance with the legal regulations in the field of mining. Depleted mineral deposits lead to the need for the rational use of future mineral resources. Due to the extensive expansion of mining and the modern society's need for mineral resources, we are increasingly facing the opening of open-pit mines closer to populated areas. This necessitates focused attention on mining planning. This fact brings us to the necessity for investors, or future holders of exploitation rights, to align their activities with the needs of the local population, ensuring that the opening of a mine is perceived as an opportunity for economic growth in the community rather than a threat. This is possible only when mining is carried out with a focus on environmental protection, considering the health of individuals living near future open-pit mines, which must be considered from the very stage of designing and planning future activities that will guide investors towards responsible behavior during operations. At the level of spatial planning documentation, which precedes the opening of quarries in Serbia, mining activities can be adjusted by considering and evaluating the concerns of the population directly affected by the project. A brief overview of the steps and initial foundations for the preparation of the detailed regulation plan for the exploitation will also be presented, along with concluding considerations and recommendations.
JUSTIFICATION OF USE OF A FACILITY FOR DRY PURIFICATION OF A COAL FROM THE SURFACE MINE “GACKO” WITH THE AIM OF INCREASING ITS HEATING CAPACITY
Due to non-fulfillment of the overburden excavation plan until 2013 as a result of failure to follow the project dynamics of investing in the acquisition of the necessary mining equipment, the "Gacko" surface mine was brought to a state of impossibility of providing coal for the normal operation of the thermal power plant. The resulting situation was solved by the exploitation of coal from the lower coal layer (due to the favorable overburden coefficient), whose reserves were estimated at around 45 million tons, and which until then was treated as an off-balance sheet category. Excavation of coal from the zone that is nearest to the surface began in 2014, so more than 70% of the electricity production from the Thermal power plant was based on this coal (the rest of 30% was provided from field "C"), and in the last two years even all 100%. However, practice has shown that apart from selective mining, this coal should also be purified before use, in order to bring its lower coal heat capacity to the value required by the installed equipment of the thermal power plant, respectively the boiler in which it is burned. In the last few years, numerous geological investigations have been carried out for the purpose of a detailed definition of the coal seam, and work has also been done on finding the most optimal technical and technological solutions, which resulted in activities in the direction of application of both system of selective exploitation and the X-Ray sensor method of coal purification, considering that the deposit is very stratified with interlayers of marl and clay. Coal purification is also necessary for part of the quantities from the main coal layer of field "C", because the geological characteristics are partly unfavorable, due to the presence of tailings layers that affect the reduction of the lower coal heat capacity.The X-Ray procedure works on the principle of sensor classification of materials according to their properties, i.e. depending on its atomic density, the corresponding beam of X-rays passes through. Separation of materials according to the permeability of X-rays of a certain energy is carried out on the basis of the difference in the permeability of these radiations, whereby the best results are achieved at a granulation of -80+30 mm.Investing in the construction project of a coal purification facility is justified due to the provision of a reliable, stable and continuous flow of production in the Mine and Thermal power plantGacko, which is of vital importance both for the municipality of Gacko and for the Republic of Srpska, considering that it employs about 2000 workers and provides 1/3 of the total electricity production in the Republic of Srpska. Also, the use of a coal purification facility would lead to an improvement in environmental conditions through a reduction in environmental pollution, which would be reflected in less dust emission into the atmosphere, i.e. a reduction in the amount of ash at the output of the Thermal power plant. This would enable the prevention of possible negative consequences for the reputation of the company if it does not comply with the regulations on environmental protection, which are the basis of both business and quality policy, i.e. a positive image would be maintained through the implementation of an integral environmental protection management system according to ISO standards.The economic goals of investing in the project would be achieved by improving the effects of the thermal power plant's work by increasing its degree of useful effect, and thus by producing a larger amount of electricity on an annual level, then ensuring the continuity and regularity of its work by reducing the number and duration of downtime, and reducing the cost of electricity. So, the purpose of investing in a plant for dry purification of coal from the surface mine "Gacko" would be to continuously supply the thermal power plant with coal of the required quality, and to achieve the aforementioned social and economic goals of the company.
Flotation tailings, as a by-product in the process of obtaining metals from ore, represent a huge problem from ecology point of view. In addition to the fact that it is necessary to provide large areas for its disposal (usually these are natural valleys or basins), a major problem is its direct impact on surface and underground water, as well as air pollution with dust particles of the deposited material. That is why it, as a potential pollutant, is interesting, because many scientists deal with its application in new materials, which could be used in mining, construction and similar technical branches. In this paper, it will be shown how flotation tailings found their application in the creation of cement paste, which can be used in mining, for filling underground excavations, as well as in construction.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN UNDERGROUND COAL MINING IN SERBIA
This paper focuses on the significant role of coal in energy production, as well as the challenges associated with its exploitation, particularly concerning environmental protection. Coal production, whether through surface or underground exploitation, represents a major industry in many countries, including Serbia, as coal remains the primary energy source for electricity production. It is important to emphasize that a wide range of technological solutions are used in coal mines, all of which have direct impacts on the environment. Therefore, experts involved in coal exploitation face a critical task: to extract deposits as economically and safely as possible while minimizing environmental pollution. Environmental pollution has become essential in assessing whether and to what extent mining activities have endangered the environment, and in taking timely and effective measures to prevent or eliminate the adverse effects of pollution. By implementing appropriate protective measures, adopting new technologies, and providing education and training for technical mining personnel, it is possible to continuously improve environmental protection practices, thus reducing the risk of pollution and negative impacts on the environment. This is necessary for balancing energy needs and environmental protection.
On the Constructed Wetlands and Sustainable Development
Constructed wetlands could be utilized for different purposes and their special utilization is in domain of the wastewater treatment and use of its biomass for the production of heat and electricity. Construction of wetlands requires some conditionios such as choice of adequate location, contribution to goals of sustainable development as well as the providing adequate financial support. In this research authors focused their attention to the existing literature about constructed wetlands from the aspect of sustainable development.
MINING IN THE FUNCTION OF LOCAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT: CHALLENGES AND BENEFITS
Mining, as one of the oldest economic activities in Serbia, has a significant impact both on the national economy and on local communities. Recently, the narrative surrounding mining in Serbia tends to emphasize the negative effects, often overlooking the numerous benefits that this sector brings. The exploitation of mineral resources (such as coal, stone, etc.) results in negative consequences for the environment, ecosystems, and social dynamics. However, mining is an industry essential for the functioning of any country. At the local level, mining contributes to economic development, energy stability, and provides raw materials for the development of all industries and infrastructure, with a particularly positive influence on the development of local communities. The positive impact on local communities is reflected in increased employment, higher income for the local population which is of vital importance in less-developed municipalities, initiatives for local community development, and investments in the construction of local roads. Mining in Serbia faces numerous challenges. The future of this economic sector must be based on a balance between its positive and negative impacts, with a focus on sustainable development principles, adherence to environmental standards, and compliance with mining regulations.
APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TO CREATE A BIODIVERSITY CADASTRE IN AREAS AFFECTED BY OPEN-MINE LIGNITE COAL MINING
The aim of the paper is to confirm the practical application of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) methods in the creation of a biodiversity cadastre in locations affected by surface mining of lignite on the example of RB Kolubara. Biodiversity management requires fast, accurate, operational and relevant data on the area being analyzed. One of the first steps is to define the ecosystems in question and the industrial mining facilities and processes that affect them. The use and processing of available satellite and orthophoto images confirmed the practical application of RS and GIS methods in the work.
GEOLOGICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE IGROŠ ZEOLITE TUFF DEPOSITS
The "Igroš" zeolite tuff deposit belongs to the Kruševac neogene basin and is located in the atar of the village of Igroš. It extends to about 8 km east of the town of Brus and 3 km northeast of the river Rasina. On the examined part of the terrain in the locality of Igroš, two ore fields were distinguished: the Šovići-Đorđevići ore field and the Igroš-Vidojevići ore field. The samples of zeolitic tuff that were used for the tests presented in this paper were taken from the exploitation field "Igroš-Vidojevići" - atar of the village of Igroš. The paper presents the results of testing the mentioned samples of zeolitic tuff with the aim of analyzing the mineragenetic characteristics of the deposit, determining the quality of zeolite, its application and methods of valorization. In the characterization of the samples, the following methods were applied: elemental chemical analysis, determination of the cation exchange capacity (KKI) and X-ray powder diffraction (RDP).
KRITIČNI ELEMENTI EU I SAD ŠANSA ZA RAZVOJ GEOLOGIJE, RUDARSTVA I NAUKE, NA BAZI PRIMARNIH I SEKUNDARNIH SIROVINA SA PROSTORA SRBIJE I BALKANA
U ovom radu je skrenuta pažnja za velikim nedostatkom mineralnih sirovina dva velika i tehnološki najrazvijenija tržišta EU i SAD, koji su u današnje vreme postali veoma zavisni od uvoza različitih mineralnih sirovina od velikog broja dobavljača širom sveta. Iz tog razloga oba tržišta su svako za sebe, svoju veliku potrebu za sirovinama, bez kojih ne može da im funkcioniše industrija, odbrana i samo društvo su pretočili u liste kritičnih elemenata, kao i veliki broj istraživanja i studija kojim pokušavaju da prevaziđu ovaj problem. Takođe je u radu dat osvrt na dva domaća projekta (Reasoning i Ext-Min-Waste) koje finansira Fond za nauku Republike Srbije, u kojima se vrše istraživanja reciklaže flotacijske jalovine i mogućnosti valorizacije svih korisnih elemenata kao i utvrđivanje potencijala dobijanja građevinskog materiajala od ostataka odnosno sprovođenje „Zero Waste“pricipa. Ovakva situacija u oblasti proizvodnje minerala u EU i SAD otvara mogućnost za razvoj geologije i rudarstva u celom svetu, pa i između ostalog u Srbiji i na Balkanu. Osvajanjem proizvodnje samo nekoliko nedostajući minerala, da li iz primarnih ili sekundarnih izvora otvara mogućnost pozicioniranja države i društva kao strateškog i dugoročnog partnera ovih država.
HYDROGEOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE AREA FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE GYPSUM DISPOSAL CASSETTE AT THE INTERNAL LANDFILL OF PK DRMNO
For the purpose of desulphurization of flue gases from units B1 and B2 of the thermal power plant "Kostolac", it was necessary to design a system for the disposal of gypsum, which is formed as a by-product in the process of binding sulfur from flue gases with limestone.The initial space for gypsum disposal is provided at the internal landfill of the Drmno open-pit mine. The regulation of landfills had to be harmonized with European regulations, in order to ensure that the environment (water, air and soil) was fully protected. For this first phase of cassette design, the gypsum that is disposed of is classified as non-hazardous waste.Drainage and perimeter channels will be used to protect the cassette base from the impact of groundwater and surface water.
RECULTIVATION OF DEGRADED AREAS ON THE LOCATION OF MINE AND FLOTATION PLANT ČUKARU PEKI NEAR BOR
Degraded areas created due to the construction of mining facilities are the result of mining activities aimed at the exploitation of copper at the Čukaru Peki location near Bor and as such are unfavorable for agriculture, but only for afforestation and grassing on already prepared areas.All degraded surfaces represent plateaus on which the corresponding buildings were built. After the end of exploitation, these buildings lose their purpose and will therefore be demolished. After that, all areas are slated for recultivation, which will include several phases. As these are degraded surfaces on which cultures cannot be established without previous works, it is necessary to form a 0.5 m soil layer on the surfaces. After that, recultivation will be carried out by grassing and afforestation of the areas.
APPLICATION OF GEOGRIDS FOR LANDFILL SECURITY AND PROTECTION
The main space for disposal of (mining and other) waste is earthen surfaces. Soil is a natural universal water purifier in which rainwater is filtered and thus protects the quality and correctness of underground drinking water. The soil has a great absorption capacity, both physical and chemical. The cleanliness of soil surfaces is greatly impaired (worsened) by dumping waste on the surface of the soil, which is (eventually) allowed (by the project) for that purpose. In order to protect the soil (the wider surroundings of the site) from the harmful effects of waste (erosion, pollution, etc.), we must first protect it, whereby we widely use, as one of the solutions, different types of geosynthetics and accompanying geomaterials.The waste disposal site is a complex geotechnical building, the main purpose of which is the safe and environmentally acceptable disposal of waste, which cannot or is not cost-effectively recycled, or otherwise usefully used.At landfills of various types of waste (materials), geogrids are used as reinforcement as an independent element or as an integral part of a geocomposite. Of course, this refers to geomembranes, geotextiles and other types of geosynthetics within one of the covered - protected or drainage layers of the landfill. The geogrid must meet the requirements (resistance) of mechanical strength, as well as resistance to chemical agents and elevated temperature.
GRAVEL EXTRACTION AND PROCESSING FROM THE INSIDE DUMP OF THE COVIN MINE
The underwater exploitation of coal and associated sediments in the Danube riverside, at the Kovin Mine, began in 1991 and has continued continuously until today. Overburden that were excavated in the process of coal mining (sand and silty gravel) were deposited in the excavated area, that is the inside dump. The subject of this article is the chosen technical solution for the extraction and processing of gravel from the inside dump of the Kovin Mine, using the exploitation system: floating dredger-pipeline-processing plant.
CONSIDERATIONS OF POSSIBLE SELECTIVE MINING SYSTEMS FOR LAYERED DEPOSITS OF LOW-THICKNESS NON-METALLIC MINERAL RAW MATERIALS WITH PRONOUNCED TECTONIC DISTURBANCE IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA
The Republic of Serbia possesses deposits of non-metallic mineral raw materials characterized by low thickness and pronounced tectonic disturbance. Conventional mining methods used in such deposits are outdated, resulting in low productivity, a high number of manual laborers, and limited production output, accompanied by extremely high production costs. Based on a detailed geological, technical, and economic analysis, it has been determined that modern exploitation approaches, such as the application of the room-and-pillar method along the dip of the ore layer with forced roof caving and mechanized loading can significantly increase production capacity and reduce costs in such deposits. This paper explores potential mining systems aimed at improving labor productivity while reducing the reliance on manual labor through the use of mining mechanization. It specifically considers the case of harder ore bodies, where selective mining of layers up to 1.5 meters thick will be applied using drilling and blasting operations, combined with diesel-powered machinery. The paper provides an overview of work organization, investment requirements, and highlights the structure of production costs to determine the final cost of extracted ore.
CHEMICAL FOOTPRINT OF SERBIAN LIGNITE IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND IN TIME – DOES IT EXIST? (a brief guide through time and space)
The thermal energy capacities of the Electric Power Company of Serbia (EPS) are based on lignite, which is concentrated in two large coal/mining basins. The first is the Kostolac-Kovin basin with a total area of about 320 km2 and has about 5.7 billion tons of geological resources and lignite reserves. Coal mining has been going on for more than 150 years. Also, the Kolubara basin has an exploitable area of about 200 km2 and a total of about 4.1 billion tons of geological resources and lignite reserves. Coal mining has been going on for more than 130 years. In total, in previous years, EPS had almost 10B t of geological resources and lignite reserves in both coal mining areas. Of this, a good part of about 1.9B t has already been mined. And furthermore, there are huge amounts of coal left to be mined. In this work, we deal with the geochemical characteristics of coal seams in both coal basins and perform a comparative analysis with selected examples from Serbia and the World. What we as authors and you as readers are most interested in is whether heavy metals from coal cause a chemical footprint on the immediate or distant environment and whether they leave a mark in time. We will deal with this issue in the following chapters.
APPLIED GEOLOGY IN THE SERVICE OF EFFICIENT EXPLOITATION, COAL DEPOSIT " FIELD G", KOLUBARA COAL BASIN, SERBIA
Given that about 90% of the excavated Kolubara lignite is intented for thermal power plants, from which more than 60% of electricity in Serbia, it is extremely important that the exploatation of coal takes place first of all safely and effciently. By implementing these solutions, a more profitable production of electrity is achieved, which results in a lower consumption of fuel oil in the proces. In the past period at the Kolubar mines, exploitation took place within the upper structural floor where the depth of the coal-bearing series is small, i. e. in the area where there were good tehnical conditions for performing mining works. Namely, in the unmined part of the basin, deposit conditions are significantly more complex, the quality of coal is not uniform, and it is necessary to comply with the reguirements of thermal power plants for the delivery of such coal, environmental protection laws are increasingly strict, so comprehensive geological knowledge must provide a strong support for mining activity. Elaborate on reserves and quality of coal, as well as Mining projects define the entire research area and excavation technology, but applied geology should provide concrete guidelines for futher research so that the geological foundations based on the obtained results are aditionally updated, i. e. gain accuracy. Apart from the creation of high-quality geological fondations, it is very important to recognize good practices that should be continued, and also to assess what could be improved or upgraded. In this paper, through the interpretation of structural maps of the coal seam and accompanying sediments, analysis of coal quality, as well as the stability of the working and final slopes in the excavation, some obsevations and suggestions that can be useful in the exploitation process are given.
DETAILED ANALYSIS (ZONING) OF A PART OF THE DEPOSIT FOR THE GOAL OF EFFECTIVE EXPLOITATION OF NON-METALLIC MINERAL RAW MATERIALS AND COAL
Within the Kolubara basin, during the Upper Pontian, the limnic (lake, swamp) coal-bearing series with coal seams and accompanying sediments was developed. The accompanying sediments are found in the floor and roof of the coal-bearing series, i.e., coal as the most strategically important mineral raw material. In particular, in the unexcavated part of the deposit “Tamnava-West field”, there are significant reserves of coal and non-metallic mineral raw materials that can be used in industry. Thus, gravels can be used in construction and road construction, while quartz sands represent an important industrial raw material (production of glass, ceramics, chemical industry, filter material for water treatment...). The paper will present a detailed analysis of gravel, sand and coal.
INTERLABORATORY COMPARISION FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE OF TEST RESULTS
The MEGA laboratory of Institute for Mining and Metallurgy in Bor, a laboratory for electrical, lightning protection, and non-destructive testing (steel ropes, metal materials, and welded joints), is accredited by the Accreditation Body of Serbia (ATS). The laboratory has participated in several external controls, by participating in interlaboratory comparisons (ILC). The Procedure for Laboratory Work defines work in the laboratory. The procedure defines the sequence of activities and responsibilities of the executors in the work of the Laboratory to create conditions that enable obtaining results of accuracy and reliability within the limits of the capabilities of the testing equipment and creating a high rating and credibility among service users. The work process in the Laboratory is based on the requirements of the SRPS/ISO/IEC 17025:2017 standard - General requirements for the competence of calibration laboratories and testing laboratories. Organizations and persons for whom tests are performed cannot influence the results of the Laboratory's control and tests. The Laboratory confirmed the quality assurance of its test results by successfully participating in interlaboratory comparisons with the Welding Institute d.o.o. Belgrade and their Laboratory.
ABSORPTION OF CARBON-DIOXIDE FROM AIR IN LABORATORY CONDITIONS
This paper presents a laboratory study of the efficiency of absorbents and their ability to bind carbon dioxide. The absorbents tested were calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 and sodium hydroxide NaOH. The binding ability of each absorbent individually was tested, as well as their mixture in certain proportions and at different percentages of solution. The results showed that the chemical binding of carbon dioxide to the absorbents occurred in a very short time. The mixture of these two absorbents showed the highest efficiency. The absorbed carbon dioxide creates carbonates that can be precipitated and dried. This study represents a starting point for further studies, both laboratory and industrial, with the aim of reducing carbon dioxide emissions by using natural, cheap and easily available absorbents that have high absorption efficiency.
IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL RISKS AT SOLAR PARKS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
When it comes to risky or accidental situations, the basic measure of protection is reflected in prevention as well as preparedness to respond to a given accident. In this sense, the solution should be sought by implementing the hazard assessment process, that is the risk assessment process of the right situations and the preparation of appropriate documentation. The process of assessing the risk of accidents would include the identification of possible dangers of an accident, determination of the mechanism of its occurrence, determination of the probability of the occurrence of a certain accident, determination, and assessment of possible consequences, definition of measures to respond to an accident and definition of measures for remediation of possible consequences of an accident. This paper presents some of the potential risks that can threaten the environment.
PROJECT SOLUTION FOR PROTECTION OF THE INTERNAL LANDFILL PK POLJE-C FROM SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER WITH THE AIM OF INCREASING THE STABILITY AND BEARING CAPACITY OF THE DESPOSED MASSES, RB KOLUBARA
Protection of the PK Polje-C landfill from atmospheric water would be enabled by the construction of drainage channels and water reservoirs. Depending on the hypsometric position, the collected water from the water reservoir would be pumped into the Peštan River or the Turija River. In the part of the landfill that is hypsometrically above the level of the Peštan River, the collected water would be drained by gravity through the drainage channel, without pumping. Due to the inefficiency of the application of classical gravity methods of deep drainage of the internal landfill, the application of a drainage vacuum system made of vacuum wells (ejectors) with an impact to depths of 45-50m was proposed. The proposed systems would be previously tested on the landfill test fields, east of the Husker facility. It is not possible to achieve greater efficiency in draining deeper parts of the landfill, bearing in mind that 80% of the landfill consists of waterlogged clays.
CHARACTERIZATION OF MINING WASTE BY PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL TESTING METHODS
The paper provides an overview of the physico-chemical methods used for testing mining waste. The mining industry is a large generator of waste, and examining mining waste can help assess any risks and assess and plan the measures needed to reduce the negative impact on the environment. The physico-chemical methods that are most often used for the characterization of mining waste are: XRD analysis, SRPS EN 12457-2:2008- LP test, METHOD EPA 1311 - TCLP, SRPS EN 15875:2013 Waste characterization - static tests for determining the acid neutralization potential of sulfide-containing waste, Humidity Cell Test (HCT) ASTM D5744-13:2018, and NEN 7375 Monolithic Tank Test.
ANALYSIS OF DEVIATIONS FROM THE OPTIMAL PIT CONTOUR DUE TO NATURAL FACTORS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF EXPLOITATION
The paper analyzes the modification of the optimal pit contour for the case of the surface mine Južni Revir, due to the occurrence of a landslide in the eastern slope of the mine, caused by natural factors. The design of the final contour was carried out using Geovia Whittle™ and Geovia Gems™ software tools, enabling precise landslide modeling and optimization of exploitation boundaries. As a result of the modification, the amount of excavated overburden increased, leading to a reduction in the net present value (NPV) of the mining project.
UTICAJ OBJEKATA NA BIODIVERZITET VODENH TOKOVA
Globalno, aktivnosti u sklopu planiranja, izgradnje i eksploatacije objekata u vodenim tokovima mogu uzrokovati značajan uticaj na životnu sredinu. Štetni efekti ovih objekata se često ogledaju kao degradacija prirodnih staništa i gubitak biodiverziteta. Iz tog razloga potrebno ih je preduprediti i dovesti na prihvatljivu meru. Devastacija vodenih tokova sa sobom nosi negativan uticaj na ekosisteme vodenih staništa i okoline ugrožavajući biljni i životinjski svet koji zavisi od tih ekosistema. Prema Konvenciji o biološkoj raznovrsnosti (CDB – Convention on Biological Diversity), donetoj na UN konferenciji o životnoj sredini i razvoju (UNCED) u Rio de Žaneiru 1992. godine, biodiverzitet je definisan kao “varijabilnost među živim organizmima”. Neophodno je da objekti, čija je izgradnja duž vodenih tokova neminivna, budu isplanirani i izgrađeni u skladu sa načelima održivog razvoja tj. očuvanjem prirodnih resursa i životne sredine.
ANALYSIS OF THE PRODUCTION OF NON-METALLIC MINERAL RAW MATERIALS AND THEIR MARKET DISTRIBUTION
In the past half-decade, the Republic of Serbia has recorded a growing trend in the construction of infrastructure facilities, representing a key factor for economic growth and societal development by improving transport connectivity, strengthening the economy, and enhancing the quality of life.The intensification of infrastructure development has led to a significant increase in the demand for technical construction materials, which has further stimulated the growth of the mining industry as a primary sector supplying the construction industry with essential raw materials.The aim of this research is to conduct a statistical analysis of data on the production of technical construction materials, as well as to evaluate the key factors that have contributed to a more efficient and streamlined exploitation process. The consideration of technical and economic parameters, along with the conditions affecting the production process, is of fundamental importance for the continued development of this sector and for defining strategies for its improvement.Harmonization between the production and consumption of technical construction materials, in accordance with current legal regulations, is a prerequisite for the sustainable management of mineral resources. This ensures optimal exploitation, reduces negative environmental impacts, and enables the efficient supply of the construction sector while strictly adhering to technical and environmental standards.
CONSTRUCTION OF A LANDFILL AND WASTE DUMP RESULTING FROM THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW PRODUCTION SHAFT OF THE ČUKARU PEKI MINE IN BOR
During the mining works on the construction of the new production shaft of the Čukaru Peki mine in Bor, waste are excavated. This waste are temporarily deposited at the landfill in the immediate vicinity of the new production shaft. From the landfill, waste are loaded and transported to the waste dump where they are permanently disposed of. The construction of the landfill and waste dump site was carried out in the Gems software, in which a 3D model of these objects was constructed. Quantities were calculated in the Minex software.
Problems of Drainage in an Open Pit Mine under Complex Geological Conditions and Solutions for Waterlogging of the Coal Deposit: A Case Study of the 'Field E' Open Pit
The open-pit mine "Field E" is characterized by an extremely complex geological structure, strong bending of coal layers and a great depth of occurrence. The work of dewatering and pre-draining the mine for the purpose of achieving favorable mining conditions consists of several separate problems, depending on the position of the aquifer in relation to the coal seams.Generally speaking, there are three aquifers, different in terms of distribution, depth, method of recharge and the phase of exploitation in which their drainage is required. For this reason, the layers are considered separately and each of them requires a special approach to drainage.This paper will present all the designed measures for the drainage of the mine "Field E", their predicted effects, and will also discuss additional, innovative methods that may be used as intervention measures if necessary.